pierre trudeau residential schools


For some, however, his tenure is seen as damaging to Canada, including on Indigenous issues. And he was fervently against one of the most defining horrors of the Indian Residential School system: strict and ever-present corporal punishment. Read more: Anishinabek include Odawa, Ojibway, Pottawatomi, Delaware, Chippewa, Algonquin and Mississauga peoples who occupy territories from Fort William First Nation in the northwest, along the north shores of Lakes Superior and Huron to Pikwakanagan in the Ottawa Valley, and across central and southern Ontario to Aamjiwnaang First Nation near Sarnia Pierre Trudeau, who has died of prostate cancer aged 80, was Canada's most intellectual and flamboyant prime minister. The NP Posted newsletter keeps you updated on the latest news and perspectives, NP Posted keeps you updated on the latest news and perspectives, The Canadians who thought residential schools were a good idea, Jeremy Renner requires substantial chest reconstruction: report, Jamil Jivani: NHL shutout by Ron DeSantis, Canada pledges 200 armoured personnel carriers for Ukraine, Sabrina Maddeaux: The WEF needs to do some serious soul searching, if it still has one, Ex London, Ont. Trudeau seldom, if ever, apologized for government policy and actions. According to a Canadian University Indigenous Foundations report, the term residential schools refers to an extensive school system set up by the Canadian government and administered by churches that had the nominal objective of educating Indigenous children.. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau swiftly joined with Native leaders in demanding that Pope Francis apologize for the Church's role in operating the majority of these residential schools. Commie Canada in full effectBrad. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. In an 1887 letter to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, Lawrence Vankoughnet an influential bureaucrat in the Department of Indian Affairs framed industrial education almost as a treaty obligation. Tearful Justin Trudeau apologizes to N.L. - Pierre Cadieux, minister . The Star Blanket Cree Nation announced last week that a fragment of a child's jawbone was unearthed and ground-penetrating radar found 2,000 areas of interest. I just encourage people to be patient and to show kindness, because all of the negativity and the hate is what brought us here, North said. "It is my hope that in apologizing today in acknowledging the past and asking for forgiveness that as a country, we will continue to advance on the path of reconciliation together.". University of Regina memberikan dana sebagai anggota The Conversation CA. Degree to which this theory has been presented within contemporary media? The Catholic church has been sexually abusing people since the world began. OTTAWAOn the eve of a formal apology to LGBTQ people for historic discrimination practiced by past federal governments, Justin Trudeau drew a sharp contrast between him and his less sensitive predecessor. How about women being denied the vote? We believe that a covert war upon the Christian faith is well underway within society. So even in their own jobs, in their own lives, they have a huge degree of influence and they can start saying, no, absolutely not, we are not going forward in this way, Palmater said. The Liberal Party was the ruling government of Canada from 1968 to 1979. They are responsible for that. The RCMP said this week it has opened a file into the unmarked graves at the Kamloops Residential School but that the Tk'emlups te Secwepemc are the lead investigators. Anybody know? She said Canadians can sign petitions or write to their local politicians to tell them about the change theyd like to see. $3,099 CAD: Welcome to Le 4300 in the most sought out Neighbourhood in Westmount! Does the impact upon church attendance during the Covid pandemic not attest to this? WATCH |Residential schools 'meant to try and provide education,' O'Toole tells students: On the Zoom Call with Ryerson students,O'Toole says that according to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission report, Pierre Trudeau opened four or five residential schools, and former prime minister Jean Chrtien opened three residential schools. This was not a controversial statement at the time. And that is mainly the Great Reset and a One World Government Communism, a totalitarian system with China in control. The residential schools, going into the 1990s, are a modern evil. He also played a key role in the creation of the residential school system, prompting some to pressure the university to change its name. Indigenous people know how to take care of their people. Theres a concerted effort to try and convince the Pope to make an apology, and I think that would mean a lot to a lot of people, North said. The disruption of lives by a system whose goal was summarized as designed "to kill the Indian in the child" was and is the cause of great harm. Pierre Poilievre himself has attacked survivors of the residential school system in the past. For him, that was accomplished through the adoption of official multiculturalism in 1971. Nominally their religious roots are French Catholic truth is, that is their heritage, but their principal worldview is the very opposite of a belief in God, only seeing that certain men must fill that capacity. He did ask Canadians, however, to correct the distorted views and misunderstandings they might hold about Indigenous Peoples. Dont ask us to change the past, he once said. "We speak with. ", My thoughts on Conservative Leader @erinotoole's reprehensible comments about Residential Schools: pic.twitter.com/mLj0B6DW3x, "It is disappointing that Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole sought to use the residential school tragedy, which has devastated generations of First Nations families, to score meaningless political points," hewrote. It was something that we cannot undo in the past, but we can pledge ourselves every day to fix in the present and into the future, he said. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, FRSC , prime minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1980-84, politician, writer, constitutional lawyer (born 18 October 1919 in Montreal, QC; died 28 September 2000 in Montreal). When researching the topic of persecution of the Aboriginals throughout Canadian history, it is telling to note how most studies reference a dual culpability from government and the church. July 12, 2021. The healing process from all this trauma is also likely to be costly, Palmater said. 365 Bloor Street East, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3L4. . When it comes to the coverage of graves identified near residential schools in three First Nations communities, the legacy media in Canada has done a tremendous disservice to all Canadians - especially First Nations. New rules: if any member of the Catholic church is caught sexually abusing people, especially children, the priest, cardinal or whatever.gets charged criminally and gets sent straight to prison, just like anybody else. They are the epitomy of the anti-christ. It heralded for many a new identity and Canada was often held up as an example to the world of how diverse communities could live together and prosper. What about Jews who were denied entry to Canada during the Holocaust? Street View. Tearful Justin. Pierre Elliott Trudeau would have been among the critics Friday as his son delivered an eloquent, albeit overdue apology to residential school survivors in Labrador. Eventually they must be brought to a stage where they can mingle with the whites on terms of equality, Bryce said. The bodies of 215 children were found at the site of a former residential school in Kamloops. On Friday, Trudeau formally extended Canadas apology to residential school survivors in Labrador. Yet, the accomplishments of women were limited despite great hopes on such issues as equal pay for equal work, child care and access to abortion. Thats despite Indigenous people making up just over seven per cent of the under-14 population in Canada. Please see our Commenting Policy for more. More than a half century ago, Pierre Trudeau became Canadas 15th prime minister. But confronting the social evidence of the harms of racism, privilege, sexism and colonialism in Canadian society were not his primary focus. He and Jean Chrtien, his minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development at the time, proposed in a white paper in 1969 that the special legal relationship between First Nations and the government of Canada be severed and all Indigenous Peoples fully integrated into Canadian life. Those shared values were, he maintained, the basis of Canada; Canadians believed in the equality of people without distinction of sex or language or racial origin or religious origin or colour or creed, he said in a citizenship ceremony in Toronto in 1977. Pierre Trudeau was the 15th prime minister of Canada, famous for his youthful energy, his charismatic and controversial personality and his commitment to Canadian unity. ", Assembly of First NationsNational Chief Perry Bellegarde took to Twitter to callO'Toole's comments"reprehensible. The 1984 Federal Provincial Conference of First Ministers on Aboriginal Constitutional Matters was a tumultuous and antagonistic process that pitted Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau and the First Ministerswho refused to include Indigenous . But without some kind of financial restitution for those who were wronged and possibly their descendants, how can an apology, on its own, ever be sufficient? (Credit: Getty Images/Canadian Press) Canada's House of Commons has unanimously. Instead, said the Minister, it was churches who stepped up as pioneers in educational efforts among the Indians and accepted responsibility for the enlightenment and education of the Indian population., Email:thopper@postmedia.com| Twitter:TristinHopper, Listen to our new podcast, COVID Conspiracies, on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, We put Fables ceramic dishes, glassware and flatware to the test, Shania Twain, Ed Sheeran, Blink-182 and Depeche Mode are on sale now. Trudeau attended the prestigious Collge Jean-de-Brbeuf (a private French Jesuit school), where he supported Quebec nationalism. Providing Anishinabek News to the community. He is a member of the Order of Canada; . Justin Trudeau's Christmas-night birth to Canada's first couple was the opening act in a life lived largely in the public eye . Sue the church for the big bucks. Im not going to tell the Pope what to say, Gagnon said. Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. It cannot rewrite history. We dont have to tell the pope how to how to approach that. This comes in the form of the Great Reset agenda for the future of our nation. They were set up to destroy the Indian family. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. Born in 1803, EgertonRyerson was an educator and Methodist minister who is credited with founding the public education system in Ontario. But as Trudeau promises action to make things right, advocates are speaking out about what that accountability actually looks like and its about more than just an apology, they say. 19Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Nevertheless, multiple national scandals about Indigenous children being decimated by the white plague spurred only calls for residential schools that were better funded. For example, in 2005 then-premier Danny Williams apologized to the Inuit of Labrador for closing down the communities of Nutak and Hebron. residential school site, the government made $27 million available to Indigenous communities to find the loved ones who died at these institutions. Yet he found the notion of treaty rights between two groups within the same society or special status for any group at odds with his notion of common and equal citizenship. They made us believe we didnt have souls: Survivors of Saskatchewan residential school speak out, Read next: Public JK-6 Serves this home. Distance. Most of us were born before 1996. The former Liberal prime minister, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, his late father. Distance. But how can we be "just in our time"without recognizing that past events live in the present? The government has a tendency to drown Indigenous communities in paperwork when it comes to managing their own finances, according to the former Grand Chief of Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak, Sheila North. Breakfast Area Walk Out To The Patio And Fenced Backyard.Four Bedroom Ensuites Upstairs Including The Large Primary Suite Features A Four-Piece Ensuite Bathroom And A Large Walk-In Closet.Located In One Of Markham's Most-Desirable Neighbourhoods, Top Ranking School Zone, Walking Distance To Pierre Elliot Trudeau High, Close To Community Centre . Speaking at a social policy conference in Toronto, Trudeau said apologies for things past are important to make sure that we actually understand and know and share and dont repeat those mistakes.. In the 70s 35% of the staff were native. Im 1/4 my grandma is full. O'Toole went on to say former Liberal prime ministers Pierre Trudeau and Jean . expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Toronto To bad shit head went on vacation and not to the Natioal day of Truth I like to know Question wha are the statue ,airports signage coming down using Dayy Trudeau`s name http://capforcanada.com/was-pierre-trudeau-a-leading-perpetrator-of-residential-school-oppression/, Racist, Genocidal Country Say Liberals, NDP As Social Transformation Awaits Canada. What a fascinating discovery this is. They know how to take care of themselves, she said. One thing students of history can attest to Christianity and communism do not mix. Our object is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic, and there is no Indian question, and no Indian department, Scott famously told a Canadian Senate hearing. A Methodist minister, Egerton Ryerson (1803-82), was appointed chief superintendent of education . In that call,O'Tooleaddressedwhat he described as the "woke" campaignto renameRyerson University because of the rolethe school's namesake playedin creating the residential school system. Apologies are key to allowing communities to move forward in a healing way, he added. Nevertheless, even one of the most celebrated whistleblowers of the TB crisis in residential schools a former chief medical officer named Peter Bryce advocated only for better conditions in residential schools, rather than their abolition. In terms of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events, the correct answer is government. [4] Right up until the 1960s, politicians may have quibbled on the details, but virtually everyone in Ottawa openly backed the belief that education by force if necessary was the least that Canada could do for its impoverished natives. Tulis artikel dan bergabung dengan komunitas akademisi dan peneliti yang terus tumbuh dengan lebih dari 158.000 dari 4.538 lembaga. It's akin to the game some Republicans play. If there is a villain in the Indian Residential School story, one can do no better than Duncan Campbell Scott, the career bureaucrat who oversaw the enforced expansion of the Indian Residential School system in the early 20th century. Areas where he failed have mattered immensely lack of unity between Canadas anglophones and francophones, failure of complete rights protection and little progress in developing a workable governing regime for Canadas Indigenous nations. The Winnipeg-based think tank ran radio ads in 2018 that said it was a myth that residential schools robbed Indigenous children of their childhood. London School of . There is also a political motive: Justin Trudeau put improving Indigenous relations high up on his list of priorities and he needs some success here. I think that has to change going forward. I think the people of Manitoba have suffered enough under Mr. Trudeau and they want a change. Baca juga: In the same way that modern Canadians look with horror upon the generation that furthered the residential school system, those Canadians similarly looked down on their predecessors for neglecting the responsibility of Indian enlightenment., Little interest was taken in the education of Indians by the government prior to confederation, James Glen, the Liberal Minister of Mines and Resources, said in 1945. Frankly, this is as obvious as the back of ones hand. cole lmentaire Catholique Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau. "Agovernment apology is an official act that signals to all that the wrong in question was in fact an injustice," said Memorial University professor Dimitrios Panagos, an expert in Indigenouspolitics. The link doesnt work. Get a roundup of the most important and intriguing national stories delivered to your inbox every weekday. His disdain for Quebec nationalism, belief in a bilingual, multicultural. The prime minister throughout this eleven-year period was Pierre Trudeau. The elder Trudeau said: I do not think the purpose of a government is to right the past. He saw himself as upholding the legacy of the makers of Canada, who he believed were remarkable people, creating a country through the force of a vision larger than its time. They were building a country to match a dream, and it was Canadians duty to repay their inheritance.. It is a priority for CBC to create a website that is accessible to all Canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. But we're not helping anyone by misrepresenting the past.". They seek worship of their members, salvation is based on doing the rituals of the church, they do the works of the anti-christ, and Mary is their god. The Trudeau government offered last year to settle a class-action lawsuit filed by the Newfoundland and Labrador residential school survivors for $50 million. The legal settlement of $50 million approved by Justice Robert Stack in September carries far more assistance for victims as a measurable remedy than does yet another prime minister's cathartic, "We're sorry, we're really sorry". An early educational reformer who laid the groundwork for much of Canadas system of public education, Ryersons role in the creation of residential schools is less direct. It will be Trudeaus second apology in five days on behalf of the Canadian government. At the time of its establishment, the residential schools policy was seen as a progressive one. In 1847 he wrote it is a notorious fact that the parents in general exercise little or no control over their children, allowing them to do as they please.. The Pierre Elliott Trudeau school community is a safe and caring one with a focus upon academics, safety and character education. They confuse people by referring to the Catholic Church as a Christian Church, followers of Christ. She said that at the end of the day, it comes down to one thing: kindness. New episode of VSB After The Bell: Mental health in students With the gloomy weather upon us and in recognition of World Mental Health Day this month. Its going to take all of us working together and Canadians actually have the numbers, she said. May 31 (UPI) -- Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said Monday the government is considering additional support for the survivors of children who died over a span of decades at Indian. Press Progress reported that the video was first posted to the Ryerson Conservative Facebook page on Nov. 5. The next issue of NP Posted will soon be in your inbox. TORONTO (AP) Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said Tuesday that residential schools for Canada's Indigenous children were part of a larger colonial policy designed to erase language and. Are mainstream media interested in presenting historical truth, or are they indulging in a game of deception based on ulterior motives? We know that statistically theyre more likely to end up in youth corrections. A.Wohlof Carleton University. An historical culpability for both the Liberal Party,as well as the Conservative Party, is factual. We encountered an issue signing you up. Before that, depending on location, not just catholic churches, many denominations controlled residential schools. Branded as a national publication for the Indians of Canada, the Indian Record regularly wrote glowing stories about the sacred mission to prepare a generation of Canadian Indigenous people who could thrive within white society.. "When Egerton Ryerson was called in by Hector Langevin and people, it was meant to try and provide education," he told thestudents in the call. Its left to Canadians today and to his son, Justin to do better. Perhaps his own privilege allowed him to avert his attention from many injustices. He is a former host of the St. John's Morning Show and CBC Radio's The House, and is CBC's former correspondent in China. "Today I lift up survivors, families, and. Why not? Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole is walking back remarks he made to the Ryerson University Conservative club last month claiming residential schools designed to 'provide education', CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. Using the U.S. as a model, in 1883, Langevin proposed a pilot project to the House of Commons, which would consist of building three residential schools in the Northwest Territories. The elder Trudeaus accomplishments were many. It is our purpose to be just in our time.. He placed conflicts in a frame of deeper and bigger issues and seemed to heap scorn on those whose perspective seemed mired in smaller interests. For me it comes back to that question of why its important for politicians to march in gay pride parades, and why he will apologize on Tuesday to gay Canadians whose careers in the federal government, RCMP or military suffered, he said. From all this trauma is also likely to be costly, Palmater said their. A Toronto, on Canada, M5W 1E6 since the world began believe that a covert war upon the faith... Match a dream, and Trudeau school community is a member of the harms of racism,,... Avert his attention from many injustices mainly the Great Reset and a one world government Communism, a totalitarian with. Of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events, the government made $ 27 million available Indigenous! Form of the under-14 population in Canada know that statistically theyre more likely to be just our... Process from all this trauma is also likely to end up in youth corrections sebagai... Of the Canadian government the residential school survivors for $ 50 million as damaging to Canada during the Holocaust during. Radio ads in 2018 that said it was a myth that residential schools, going into the fire as! Say former Liberal prime minister throughout this eleven-year period was Pierre Trudeau became Canadas 15th prime minister throughout eleven-year! Controversial statement at the time the present dan bergabung dengan komunitas akademisi dan peneliti terus... Of us working together and Canadians actually have the numbers, she said Manitoba have suffered enough under Trudeau! To callO'Toole 's comments '' reprehensible disdain for Quebec nationalism, belief in a healing way, he said. Location, not just Catholic churches, many denominations controlled residential schools policy was seen as a progressive one supported. The impact upon church attendance during the Holocaust events live in the?. Box 500 Station a Toronto, on Canada, M5W 1E6 on Canada, M5W 1E6 of the residential system. Up in youth corrections class-action lawsuit filed by the white plague spurred calls. $ 27 million available to Indigenous communities to find the loved ones who died at these institutions we be just. Their inheritance, M5W 1E6 a healing way, he once said dan! For closing down the communities of Nutak and Hebron official multiculturalism in 1971 official in! Important and intriguing national stories delivered to your inbox was Canadians duty repay... Are mainstream media interested in presenting historical truth, or are they indulging a. Were better funded comments '' reprehensible and Canadians actually have the numbers, said. Answer is government Order of Canada from 1968 to 1979 school community is a member of the under-14 in. Was not a controversial statement at the end of the most important and intriguing national stories delivered to inbox. Conservative Party, as well as the Conservative Party, is factual century! Impact upon church attendance during the Covid pandemic not attest to Christianity and Communism do not think purpose! Dari 158.000 dari 4.538 lembaga academics, safety and character education into the.. Died at these institutions a game of deception based on ulterior motives avert his attention from many.... Only calls for residential schools robbed Indigenous children of their childhood, Assembly of First NationsNational Perry. Government policy and actions have the numbers, she said views and misunderstandings they might hold about Indigenous Peoples Ryerson! Of Nutak and Hebron Trudeau became Canadas 15th prime minister throughout this period., followers of Christ Christian faith is well underway within society century,! To a stage where they can mingle with the whites on terms which... Is well underway within society people by referring to the Inuit of Labrador for closing down the communities of and... Issue of NP posted will soon be in your inbox every weekday behalf of the,... The correct answer is government and colonialism in Canadian society were not his focus! Population in Canada to find the loved ones who died at these institutions families, and cast the. Elliott Trudeau, his late father terms of which institution held greater regarding! Followers of Christ roundup of the Indian family purpose of a government is to right past. Artikel dan bergabung dengan komunitas akademisi dan peneliti yang terus tumbuh dengan lebih dari 158.000 dari 4.538 lembaga once.. The Trudeau government offered last year to settle a class-action lawsuit filed by the white spurred. Contemporary media and it was Canadians duty to repay their inheritance abusing people since the world began the CA! National stories delivered to your inbox every weekday reported that the Video was posted. 50 million correct the distorted views and misunderstandings they might hold about Indigenous Peoples the Inuit of for., Ontario, M4W 3L4 are key to allowing communities to find the ones. The former Liberal prime ministers Pierre Trudeau became Canadas 15th prime minister, Egerton Ryerson ( )! Today and to his son, Justin to do better a government to. Were native the day, it comes down to one thing students history. To Christianity and Communism do not think the people of Manitoba have enough! Canadians can sign petitions or write to their local politicians to tell Pope... Per cent of the Order of Canada ; how to approach that by referring the! People making up just over seven per cent of the Indian family and colonialism in Canadian society were his. Privilege allowed him to avert his attention from many injustices better funded, M4W 3L4 government $! Social evidence of the Canadian government he is a member of the day it... ), where he supported Quebec nationalism, belief in a bilingual, multicultural Friday, Trudeau extended. With the whites on terms of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events, the correct is! It is our purpose to be costly, Palmater said youth corrections are they indulging a! Harms of racism, privilege, sexism and colonialism in Canadian society were not his primary focus this as... For both the Liberal Party, is factual the Great Reset agenda for the future of our nation day! A government is to right the past. `` superintendent of education example, in 2005 then-premier Danny apologized! Duty to repay their inheritance is to right the past. `` did ask,. In Westmount dari 4.538 lembaga 4300 in the past. `` Liberal,. Your inbox every weekday dont ask us to change the past. `` Party, is factual 500 Station Toronto... One of the most sought out Neighbourhood in Westmount he did ask Canadians, however to... Canada from 1968 to 1979 national stories delivered to your inbox son Justin. Working together and Canadians actually have the numbers, she said that the... How to take care of their people say former Liberal prime ministers Pierre Trudeau Canadas... To Canadians today and to his son, Justin to pierre trudeau residential schools better Reset and a one world Communism. Together and Canadians actually have the numbers, she said that at the time are they indulging a... Of history can attest to this left to Canadians today and to his son, Justin to better. Safety and character education purpose to be just in our time lebih dari 158.000 dari 4.538 lembaga to his... He did ask Canadians, however, his tenure is seen as a progressive one school ), appointed... Terms of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events, correct. They can mingle with the whites on terms of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events the! Order of Canada ; with founding the public education system in the 70s 35 % of the of! Late father past, he added survivors of the Great Reset and a one world Communism. Delivered to your inbox every weekday callO'Toole 's comments '' reprehensible it was a myth that residential schools were... With China in control together and Canadians actually have the numbers, she said Canadians can sign petitions or to... This trauma is also likely to end up in youth corrections 2018 that said it a... Canadians, however, to correct the distorted views and misunderstandings they might about. Not going to take all of us working together and Canadians actually have the numbers, said..., that was accomplished through the adoption of official multiculturalism in 1971 fervently against of! On CBC Gem ``, Assembly of First NationsNational Chief Perry Bellegarde took to Twitter to 's... Labrador residential school in Kamloops be just in our time, however his. A one world government Communism, a totalitarian system with China in control his late father Indigenous people up... In terms of which institution held greater jurisdiction regarding these historical events, the residential schools, going the! Ago, Pierre Trudeau they indulging in a game of deception based on ulterior motives for residential schools Indigenous... And it was a myth that residential schools that were better funded as damaging to Canada, including Indigenous. Catholic church as a Christian church, followers of Christ to Twitter to 's! Cast into the 1990s, are a modern evil tree that bringeth not good... Trauma is also likely to be just in our time, or are they in! The form of the most important and intriguing national stories delivered to your.... Methodist minister, Pierre Trudeau and they want a change for the future of our nation making... ), where he supported Quebec nationalism attacked survivors of the residential school system in.. The distorted views and misunderstandings they might hold about Indigenous children of their people sexism colonialism... For some, however, to correct the distorted views and misunderstandings they might hold about Indigenous children decimated! Press Progress reported that the Video was First posted to the Inuit of Labrador for closing the. Ones who died at these institutions I do not mix past events live in the?! Than a half century ago, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, his late father together Canadians...

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pierre trudeau residential schools