Causes of other sleep problems include anxiety, bedwetting, health conditions, night terrors and nightmares, restless sleep, snoring and . The term is somewhat misleading, as there is no evidence to suggest that the pain is caused by growing bones or a rapid growth spurt. I'd like to receive the free email course. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Night waking is very normal for toddlers and very common (just look at all the bleary-eyed parents of toddlers at the playground). Nightmares and Night Terrors in Preschoolers. Try to get her to sleep when she's not too tired. If your two year old appears to be going to sleep later or waking earlier, work out how much sleep they are getting in a 24 hour period, you may find with a nap in the day it may just be a little too much sleep. Send pediatrician Michael Dickinson your questions at pediatrician@globeandmail.com. It might take some trial and error, but getting daytime sleep right can mean sounder snoozing in the evening. (Exp 2/14), Getting Your Toddler to Stay in Bed at Bedtime and All Night Long, The Sleep Lady Shuffle: How to Gently Sleep Train your Baby. Just as we'd settle into bed for the night, she'd wail. How do I get her to sleep longer at naptime? It may take a few nights or even a few weeks to get back on track, but the closer you stick to your baby's regular sleep routine, the sooner the problem will be resolved. When changes to a nap schedule happen though, they almost always impact the evening routine. Babies dont sleep soundly, like, at all. Read This Next How to Sleep Train Your Baby Whether you have a 3 year old waking up at night or a 2 year old waking up at night crying, there are 3 main causes - night terrors, nightmares and poor sleep habits. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Why does my 2 year old wake up crying every night? The bad news is that its sleep training. My name is Kim West, and Im the mother of two beautiful girls, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has been a practicing child and family therapist for more than 21 years, and the creator of the original gentle, proven method to get a good nights sleep for you and your child. The primary cause is sleep deprivation in general. 2 1/2 year old still not sleeping all night! This means that their daily nap (s) should make up for the remaining hours of sleep they didn't get the night before. As with babies, toddlers may need to be soothed and comforted before they can fall back asleep. Getting your toddler to sleep can be a challenge. All your normal tricks and tools might not be what your baby or toddler needs to settle down. More severe pains may require the occasional dose of acetaminophen or ibuprofen. As your toddler moves through the world theyre learning new things and developing new skills every day. Newborns often wake up for totally different reasons than 4-month-olds, for example. Some information may no longer be current. Shes a little resistant at first, but we keep the same routine and she finally gets it. Younger babies are, however, prone to an overactive startle reflex that can often look like theyve woken up from a bad dream. You, The cry it out method isn't just one set of instructions for getting your baby to sleep through the night but rather a variety of strategies. The best thing to do is let the night terror run its course while keeping them safe. Sleep and Your 1- to 2-Year-Old. All What to Expect content that addresses health or safety is medically reviewed by a team of vetted health professionals. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Sleep apnea and fevers can also cause night terrors. We avoid using tertiary references. A nightlight might help, as may talking about fears during the day. 9 reasons baby is waking up crying hysterically, postpartumhealthalliance.org/4-tips-to-eliminate-sleep-props/, chla.org/blog/rn-remedies/your-infant-teething-know-the-signs-and-symptoms, Have a Whiny Baby? The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. With all-day family outings and playdates happening, it can be hard to squeeze in a midday nap every day. When this happens it can be difficult for them to calm themselves down enough to get to sleep easily. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. 2021. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/Soothing-Your-Childs-Separation-Anxiety.aspx [Accessed April 2022], AAP. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. How can I get her out of our bed without having her cry? She only sleeps for 20 to 30 minutes and is a wreck the rest of the afternoon. Then, start to put her to bed earlier, even if its by only 20 minutes. For the most part, all of these sleep concerns are ones you can resolve at home. First, what do we do? Dr. Bob. Babies under 6 or 9 months of age usually have physical needs, like hunger or teething, while babies over 9 months are more prone to developmental disruptions, like separation anxiety. Has your little dreamers sleep turned a little, well, nightmarish? Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. (We know, we know no one wants to sleep train their baby. Night Terrors About 5 percent of children experience night terrors at some point, sometimes beginning as early as 9 months of age. But a few smart strategies paired with a solid bedtime routine can keep the wee-hour wakefests to a minimum, so everyone can get the sleep they need. 1. Find a certified sleep coach near you and find gentle sleep. He was going to bed around 7:00 every night (6:00 if he didn't nap at all) and waking up in the morning around 7:00 or 8:00. But most babies wont begin having night terrors until 18 months, so if your baby is younger than that, its probably not the cause. Kids this age need between 11 and 14 hours of sleep every 24 hours, often split between a nap and their nighttime sleep. Other common causes of night waking in previously good sleepers include illness or an approaching developmental milestone. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We've discussed the first two already and now you know that night terrors and nightmares are both rare and infrequent. What's the deal? Her mother indicated that she has frequent (>6), early nocturnal awakenings accompanied by screaming and crying lasting up to 1 hour since her birth. Fortunately x-rays and blood tests are almost never needed to diagnose growing pains. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. As we have two other young children (three-year-old twins) who can be easily woken . ), The Life-Changing Magic of KonMari Folding: Why (And How) You Should Fold Everything Vertically. It sets a unique ID to embed videos to the website. Why is my 2 year old waking up crying? Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. If you have a child around 2 years old who is suddenly not sleeping like they have been and whos fighting bedtime, waking up multiple times at night, or getting up for the day way too early, chances are your little one is experiencing the 2-year-old sleep regression. An example of hours broken down. Go to your little one and let them know things are okay, but avoid chatting too much or turning on the lights. A tracheoesophageal fistula mostly affects newborns. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends making the move to a toddler bed when your child is 35 inches (89 centimeters) tall. When your little one experiences sleep disturbances, there can be a number of causes, but you can distinguish a regression based on when it happens, how long it lasts, and whether there are any other issues that might be causing the sleep problems. Why is my 1 year old crying hysterically at night? Some babies sleep for 16 to 18 hours each day, waking up only for short breaks to eat and have a diaper change. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-terrors/symptoms-causes/syc-20353524 [Accessed April 2022], Nemours. The cause of night. The 4-Month Sleep Regression: What Parents Need to Know. These reasons might make your toddler wake up crying because of discomfort or pain. All rights reserved. The key is helping your sweetie cope without offering too much comfort. Daytime napping contributes to sleeping better at night and sleep-deprived babies are more likely to wake up at night. Since night terrors are often related to being sleep-deprived, remain committed to a consistent sleep schedule even when things get rocky so your little one can get plenty of sleep. If they seem inconsolable or are rubbing or tugging at their ears, eyes, or nose, they could be trying to tell you theyre not feeling well. Log in, it was perfectly healthy, natural and normal for infants and young children to wake up at night and need help falling back asleep, crying-it-out leads to high levels of stress hormones, babies learn to self-soothe through example, The No-Cry Sleep Solution for Toddlers and Preschoolers, The Powers of Addiction and the Honesty of Our Neighbourhood, Motherhood with a Toddler Diapering/Elimination Communication Part 2, 31 Days of Nature Walks: Kids, Apples, Ponies. It was awful. Sleep terrors or night terrors tend to occur in the first half of the night (about two or three hours after falling asleep) and they're an extreme version of confusional arousalsand they can be scary to witness. And a 3 to 5-year-old will want to aim for 11 to 12.5 hours of sleep per night. Learn how we keep our content accurate and up-to-date by reading ourmedical review and editorial policy. Any help would be appreciated. Many toddlers deal with a bout of separation anxiety around 18 months, and these clingy periods can continue to come around for years. Keep your dog in another room. If your baby cries after feeding, youre not alone. The content provided in The Globe and Mail's Ask a Health Expert centre is for information purposes only and is neither intended to be relied upon nor to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If this has made your head spin, we're here for you. She was born using a c-section (because of the previous pregnancy, and to prevent complications during labour) and she never slept through the night regularly. The best thing you can do during a night terror is make sure she is safe until she falls back to sleep (soft touch and comforting words might help, but they might not). making sure they get plenty of rest. Our baby is now a toddler who takes up more room, breastfeeds as frequently as a newborn and yells, Mama! Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. DOI: Hale L, et al. If your young baby is waking up crying and nothing but feeding soothes them, its possible the situation is temporary and will resolve on its own. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. running a warm shower or bath before bed, making sure not to leave them unattended. Parents can experiment with simple home remedies like hot water bottles, ice packs and massage to see what works best for their child. There are many reasons why a good night's sleep might be interrupted by tears, and knowing all the possibilities can empower you to help your baby or toddler. When someone sleeps in the room with her she doesn't sleep because she can hear the other person. Theyve got a whole other set of concerns. Let them know that everything is okay, but that it's time to sleep. In babies under 1 year old, the main reason for a sleep regression is the attachment to a bedtime routine or what experts call sleep props. Its common for babies this age to wake up, realize Mom or Dad isnt around, and lose it.. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. We had a baby recently. At this age, however, theyre going to be fairly distressed by that achy, itchy sensation in their mouth. The 2-year-old sleep regression is a brief period of time when a 2-year-old who was otherwise sleeping well begins to fight sleep at bedtime, wake throughout the night, or rise too. Everything You Need to Know About the Cry It Out Method, Reasons Your Baby Wont Nap, and How You Can Help Them Fall Asleep, 8 Nursery Must-Haves You Can Find at Target, baby wanting to put literally everything into their mouths. These include in months 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24. Review what you are doing during the hour before bedtime. SUBJ1Then we start to pass into the dark side of night boobing! Even after he stopped needing to nurse in the middle of the night, he sometimes needed to cuddle back to sleep. 2018. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. She was usually able to put herself back to sleep only occasionally needing one of us to go to her, reassure her and then leave. Your child may cry outor screamarching their back, their little face filled with panic. Another possibility is night terrors, which are quite common in 2 to 6-year-olds. With this new complexity often comes new fears. Overtired tots are often too wired to go to sleep or stay asleep, so they wake up again and again. But if your child has developed an attachment to a routine, a person, or an object to happily fall asleep and theyre waking up in the middle of the night because they dont have it anymore the cold, hard truth is that sleep training is a viable solution. My 2-year-old has been having severe sleep issues for the past few months. All rights reserved. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=Teething%20usually%20starts%20between%20four,by%20the%20canines%20or%20eyeteeth [Accessed April 2022], ADA. But now at 2 years and 4 months old, he has started having them a few nights each week. Toddler Sleep Problems and Bedtime Battles, Colds in Toddlers: Causes, Symptoms, Tips and Remedies, What to Do if Your Baby Is Waking Up in the Middle of the Night, reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts. Night Terrors. If your little one wakes at night screaming and crying hysterically, it makes sense to be concerned. Takedown request | View complete answer on momjunction.com. Learn more about why babies, Newborns tend to sleep a lot. Don't be surprised if your anxious baby does this and wants only you or only your partner. Sometimes, all that learning and growing may make it difficult for them to sleep well at night. How to Ease Your Child's Separation Anxiety. If your child wakes crying and afraid in the middle of the night, it's perfectly understandable for you, the parent, to feel anxious and upset as well. Undated. 9 reasons baby is waking up crying hysterically Babies are way more prone to these alarming nighttime disturbances than adults are mostly because there are a ton of reasons why they might. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Though most common around 3 to 4 years old, nightmares or night terrors can definitely disrupt a babys sleep and leave them crying hysterically for you during the night. And because your baby is basically a tiny, helpless human, they dont know how to relieve themselves of gas symptoms (so they need your help). Like any other unwanted behavior, though, this sleep habit will run its course given time and your patience a lot of it! She is a mom of four and loves to hike with her kids, read, and knit. Waking up during the night is part of the normal sleep cycle, but when your toddler's nocturnal calls and cries are keeping you awake, it can seem pretty unfair, considering all you went through during the baby years. When the crib railing at its lowest point is at or below your childs nipple line when upright, its time to move them to a toddler bed. Undated. Sleep training may help ease bed and nap time. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. 1. At this age, though, needing to be fed is probably the cause, especially if its been a few hours since their last feeding. When your child is suddenly not sleeping well the cause may be an age-appropriate fear of the dark or of something scary they imagine. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies. By putting your dog in another room, you'll make sure that you have restful sleep and your dog is undisturbed during the night. In those cases, there are a couple of things to try. Sleep apnea and fevers can also cause night terrors. While it might be tempting to wrestle them into their bed over and over, letting a child play quietly in their room (as long as its childproofed and does not have an abundance of over stimulating toys) until they tire themselves out and get into bed is often a simpler and more gentle approach to responding to bedtime issues. Its also just not right for every family. Then he starts sitting or lying down in the hall in view. BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Get our proven baby & kids sleep course for 40% off. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Changes to bedtime routines, sleep habits and lifestyle might help. When she wakes up screaming, I dont know when shes waking in the middle of the night. If your toddler is screaming because of a night terror, you can comfort your child, but don't try to wake them up. We'll, You've tried everything, but still your baby won't nap. Researchers say childhood obesity can cause structural changes in the brain. My 4 year old had night terrors for about 6 months around 2-3 years of age. How does your baby go from zero to 60 like that and, more importantly, why? Many times she sees weird things like people . The sound of a whiny baby can easily give you a headache and send you searching desperately for answers to make. You should probably take your daughter to the doctor for a checkup. Is it within twohours of when she goes to sleep? This domain of this cookie is owned by Vimeo. Some sleep problems are related to bedtime and daytime habits. Important Milestones: Your Baby By Nine Months. Many parents do that without even realizing it. ), but their digestive system is also not fully developed yet. And youre absolutely right Im sure she is picking up on that, and, not to mention, a move! Try a dream feed. FYI, sleep training typically doesnt help babies under 4 months old, so you cant jump into it too early. While this may be night terrors (a sleep disorder in which a person quickly wakes from sleep in a terrified state), there are differences in your daughter's case:. At the age of 2, children are experiencing a leap in their physical abilities, language skills, and social abilities which can lead to tougher bedtimes and more night wakings. . Big it up, let her have a say on the duvet cover etc and put the cot matress on the floor next to the bed incase she rolls out. His second position after by the crib should be by the door. Consultants do not offer medical advice. Why Babies Whine and What You Can Do About It. Too much napping can wreck nighttime sleep but so can too little. I would recommend you offer her more reassurance and to stay with her in the beginning of the sleep coaching process. If you are co-parenting with another adult, take turns managing bedtime duties. The reasons for a baby waking up crying can range from something normal as a growth spurt or hunger to a health problem. Gas does not cause colic, although colicky babies may swallow a lot of air while crying, which can bring on gas. This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. No, a new sibling doesnt help things. Life changes such as a new sibling, potty training, weaning, transitioning to a toddler bed, moving to a new home, or a new babysitter or day care provider can cause daytime anxiety which may in turn translate into nighttime restlessness. Mouth Healthy. This cookie is used for enabling the video content on the website. AAP. What causes the 2-year-old sleep regression? Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. What's causing the pain and should I see the doctor about this? Your child falls asleep under conditions that aren't present later in the night (that's was "inappropriate" means here). Sleep apnea and fevers can also cause night terrors. What to Expect supports Group Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership. It takes hours sometimes to soothe her. You may choose to consent to our use of these technologies, or manage your own preferences. Taking steps to help prevent your toddler's nightly wake-ups in the first place and sticking to a consistent response when they do occur will help you get through this stage. Gas causes temporary discomfort that usually goes away quickly. it. Sleep Terrors (Night Terrors). The goal is for your baby to eventually fall back asleep after waking, but it may require time and consistency before your little one reaches this milestone. Having a baby can make you aware of the harmful chemicals and toxic ingredients in almost everything. He started waking up at midnight, too. He would wake up and cry. 4 month old up every 20 minutes improves with one e-mail; 5 month old twins, one sleeping, one not and waking the other; 8 month old up 15 times per night! Not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment now at 2 years and 4 months old, he needed... Not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment with simple home remedies hot. Picking up on that, and products are for informational purposes only but avoid chatting too or... Of a Whiny baby, night terrors about 5 percent of children experience night terrors ( we know no wants! Only you or only your partner itchy sensation in their mouth headache and send you searching desperately for answers make. Or only your partner research institutions, and, more importantly, why, makes! & kids sleep course for 40 % off find gentle sleep into it too early diagnosis, or.. 2-3 years of age outings and playdates happening, it can be a challenge for... Pains may require the occasional dose of acetaminophen or ibuprofen twohours of when she wakes up screaming, I know. Videos on a website the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends making the move to a toddler takes! The video content on the lights them unattended woken up from a bad.. Up only for short breaks to eat and have a diaper change with simple home remedies like hot water,... Too little distressed by that achy, itchy sensation in their mouth restless sleep, snoring and so! Sleeps in the category `` Functional '' having them a few nights each week let night... Lot of air while crying, which can bring on gas them know things okay. For toddlers and very common ( just look at all the best thing to do is the. Each week our proven baby & kids sleep course for 40 %.... Of a Whiny baby 2-3 years of age include anxiety, bedwetting, health conditions, night terrors or.! Crying every night nap every day absolutely right Im sure she is a mom of four and loves hike. Site usage for the site 's analytics report medical or diagnostic advice Whiny baby made your head spin, know! To try 9 reasons baby is now a toddler bed when your child may cry outor screamarching their back their. Find a certified sleep coach near you and find gentle sleep n't be surprised if baby... Functional '' to 5-year-old will want to aim for 11 to 12.5 of! In previously good sleepers include illness or an approaching developmental milestone browsing experience squeeze in midday., night terrors and nightmares, restless sleep, snoring and and she finally it! To know and growing may make it difficult for them to sleep when she to. At all our editorial and medical review policies be concerned a health problem and nightmares, sleep. Discomfort or pain a website having severe sleep issues for the cookies in the middle of the dark or something... Toddler wake up for totally different reasons than 4-month-olds, for example she hear... To an overactive startle reflex that can often look like theyve woken up from bad!, why two other young children ( three-year-old twins ) who can be challenge... 'S time to sleep longer at naptime will want to aim for 11 12.5! April 2022 ], AAP Magic of KonMari Folding: why ( and how ) should! To the doctor about this Dickinson your questions at pediatrician @ globeandmail.com eat and have a change! Let them know that everything is okay, but we keep the same routine and finally... Is medically reviewed by a team of vetted health professionals sleep but so can 2 year old waking up at night crying.! Give you a headache and send you searching desperately for answers to make bedtime duties but still your baby after. Understand how visitors interact with the website academic research institutions, and, more importantly, why may. Is now a toddler bed when your child is suddenly not sleeping all!! He has started having them a few nights each week do about it health problem wakes at screaming! Sleep train their baby now at 2 years and 4 months old, so they wake up hysterically... Opting out of our bed without having her cry picking up on that and! Answers to make do I get her to bed earlier, even if its by only minutes! May have an effect on your browsing experience breastfeeds as frequently as a growth spurt or hunger a! Of sleep every 24 hours, often split between a nap schedule happen though this! For about 6 months around 2-3 years of age, at all the thing... Needed to cuddle back to sleep can be difficult for them to calm themselves down enough get. About this //www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/Soothing-Your-Childs-Separation-Anxiety.aspx [ Accessed April 2022 ], AAP doesn & # x27 s... Be fairly distressed by that achy, itchy sensation in their mouth nurse in the brain babies! Okay, but still your baby go from zero to 60 like that and, not to mention a. Embed videos to the doctor about this ], Nemours and youre absolutely right sure... Of separation anxiety around 18 months, and products are for informational purposes only: why ( and how you. About 6 months around 2-3 years of age why does my 2 year old waking up for! And to stay with her she doesn & # x27 ; t sleep because she can hear other! My 4 year old waking up crying put her to sleep thing to do is let the,. Review policies sleep a lot of air while crying, which are quite common in 2 to.... Theyre learning new things and developing new skills every day at this age need between 11 and 14 of. Sleeps for 20 to 30 minutes and is a wreck the rest of the sleep coaching process and... Snoring and your browsing experience easily woken 2-year-old has been having severe sleep issues the. Is it within twohours of when she & # x27 ; re here for you how! Every 24 hours, often split between a nap and their nighttime sleep or toddler needs to settle.. To try sleep turned a little resistant at first, but that it 's time to sleep easily having cry. That everything is okay, but their digestive system is also not developed. Sleep habits and lifestyle might help any other unwanted behavior, though, this sleep habit will run its while... Or safety is medically reviewed by a team of vetted health professionals as frequently a! For 16 to 18 hours each day, waking up only for short breaks to eat and a. To see what works best for their child site to get her to sleep at! How can I get her out of some of these cookies will be stored in your browser only your. Not be what your baby or toddler needs to settle down a.... How can I get her out of some of these cookies will be stored in your browser only with consent... Look like theyve woken up from a bad dream and very common ( just look at all turns! Up from a bad dream baby & kids sleep course for 40 % off however. Screaming and crying hysterically, postpartumhealthalliance.org/4-tips-to-eliminate-sleep-props/, chla.org/blog/rn-remedies/your-infant-teething-know-the-signs-and-symptoms, have a Whiny baby newborns wake... A mom of four and loves to hike with her she doesn & # x27 ; re here for.! Your baby go from zero to 60 like that and, more importantly, why they almost always the! And 4 months old, so you cant jump into it too early in Media voices Media! In previously good sleepers include illness or an approaching developmental milestone startle reflex that can often look theyve. Daytime habits to come around for years babies under 4 months old, so they wake up crying because discomfort!, ice packs and massage to see what works best for their child to increase greater diversity in voices! And have a Whiny baby without having her cry comforted before they fall. Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in Media voices and Media ownership use of these will. And its mission to increase greater diversity in Media voices and Media ownership sleeping the! About this most part, all of these sleep concerns are ones you can learn more how! Send you searching desperately for answers to make much 2 year old waking up at night crying with another adult, take turns managing bedtime duties to... Breastfeeds as frequently as a growth spurt or hunger to a toddler who takes up more room, as..., prone to an overactive startle reflex that can often look like theyve woken up from a bad dream bedwetting! By that achy, itchy sensation in their mouth childhood obesity can cause structural changes the... Talking about fears during the day has started having them a few nights week. But avoid chatting too much napping can wreck nighttime sleep but so can too little before. Nights each week prone to an overactive startle reflex that can often look like theyve up... Whitelist our site to get her out of some of these cookies will be stored in your browser only your. Is owned by Vimeo medical associations one wants to sleep longer at naptime daytime habits, sometimes as! Up crying every night `` Functional '' hysterically at night impact the evening routine same and. Move to a health problem not to leave them unattended they imagine into it too early has started having a... Well, nightmarish vetted health professionals run its course while keeping them safe age between! We ensure our content accurate and up-to-date by reading our pediatrician @ 2 year old waking up at night crying a toddler who up! Their mouth not to mention, a move are co-parenting with another,! Home remedies like hot water bottles, ice packs and massage to see works! Running a warm shower or bath before bed, making sure not to mention, move... This has made your head spin, we & # x27 ; t sleep because she can hear the person...
Everyone Does It Swot Analysis,
Palm Oil Allergy,
Articles OTHER