Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Carthage had beaten a Roman army in Africa, but Rome seemed able to replace their naval fleets at will. The second daughter was married to Hasdrubal the Fair. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247BC to 241BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. He was the father of Hannibal Barca who continued his father's tactics and won major land battles in Italy during the Second Punic War. The Book of Weapons; Dwight Jon Zimmerman; 2009. By 231 BC, Hamilcar Barca had consolidated his Iberian territorial gains and established the city of Akra Leuke (Alicante),[108][109] probably in 235 BC, to guard Punic holdings, and possibly took over the area of Massalian colonies near the mouth of Sucro River. He divided his army: Hannibal took half of the soldiers and camped to the north of Tunis, while Hamilcar camped to the south, thus hemming in Matho's army in Tunis. [121] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition. [25] On his return he seized a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, just north of Palermo or Mt. Mago and Hasdrubal were his younger brothers. For at a time when some say Hannibal was black and others that he was white, De Sousa tells us (and other ancient Iberian historians agree) that Hamilcar Barca had taken a Lusitanian woman as bride and had children by her. They managed to take over all Punic territories in Sardinia. He is responsible for designing and . He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. When he was replaced by Hannibal in 221 BCE, the Carthaginians broke the territorial agreement with Rome of 226 BCE not to cross the River Ebro and attacked Rome's ally Saguntum (Sagunto). [112] It is possible that Hamilcar died battling the Vettoni, who lived across the Tagus west of Toledo and to the north of Turduli and northwest of Oretani territory. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. Elsewhere, things did not go so well. Some of Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his son Hannibal, whoaccording to Polybius and Livyswore eternal enmity against Rome. The Carthaginians destroyed the rebel army, after which the Libyan towns submitted to Carthage. There are several versions to what happened next: Orissus offered to aid Hamilcar, then attacked the Punic army, and Hamilcar drowned during a retreat across the Jucar river;[114] the Oretani sent ox-driven carts to the Carthaginian position, then set them on fire and Hamilcar died in the resulting melee;[115] Hamilcar accepted an offer to parley, then led the enemy in one direction while Hannibal and Hasdrubal Barca fled in the opposite direction. [39], This treaty replaced all previous treaties between the two powers. Buy History Of Ancient Carthage - Hamilcar Barca - Punic War Tank Top: Shop top fashion brands Tanks & Camis at Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY and Returns possible on eligible purchases Amazon.com: History Of Ancient Carthage - Hamilcar Barca - Punic War Tank Top : Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry 275-228 BC. As the strain on the Punic population increased, Carthaginian authorities then sent them off to Sicca, planning to plead with the whole army to forgo their unpaid wages by pointing out the dire financial situation of Carthage. Castellacio, 7 miles north-west of Palermo),[26] and not only maintained himself against all attacks, but carried on with his seaborne raids ranging from Catana[27] in Sicily to as far as Cumae in central Italy. Shouting encouragement to each other they broke into a run to pursue. It is possible that Hamilcar Barca secured the last clause after the initial conditions, which were more favorable to Carthage, was altered by Rome with a harsher one. History Themes. World History Encyclopedia. Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. [35] Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to produce near fatal problems for Carthage later on. Cite This Work Without a significant fleet and having lost their strategically important fortresses in Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia, the Carthaginians, though, had to look elsewhere for a source of money to fund their armies. From mountain bases near Palermo he made repeated raids on the Romans and relieved the Punic garrison in Lilybaeum. Hamilcar Barca ( c. 270 -228 BC) served as a Carthaginian general during and after the First Punic War. Thank you! [65] Using tactics later made famous by Q. Fabius against Hannibal, Hamilcar's eldest son, the rebels shadowed Hamilcar's army, while moving south, harassing his soldiers and keeping to the high ground to avoid Carthaginian elephants and cavalry. Hamilcar simply replied that he was fighting to gather enough booty to pay off the war indemnity. He fights with a sword and shield, which could mean he fights as either a Murmillo, Thraex, or Samnite. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. Carthage was on the rise again and eager to create a wider Mediterranean empire. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Apr 3, 2011. [62] Hamilcar occupied the bridge, then established control over the surrounding region. Carthage would evacuate all islands between Italy and Sicily probably the Aegates Islands in addition to the. [36] The better-trained Roman fleet[37] defeated a hastily raised, undermanned and ill-trained Punic fleet at battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, cutting Sicily off from Carthage. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. Spendius and Matho were joined by a force commanded by a Libyan chief named Zarzas, and the 50,000 strong army under Spendius moved away from Carthage. 143; Miano, Diccion. [110] Massalia, probably alarmed by the Carthaginian advance towards their area of influence, mentioned this expansion to the Romans, who decided to investigate the matter. Territories During the Second Punic WarJavierfv1212 (CC BY-SA). The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Punic Wars by Bagnall, Nigel [Hardcover ], Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. (The origins of Carthage go back to the city of Tabarka, present-day Tunisia). Greek piracy had forced Carthage to team up with the Etruscans to drive the Greeks from Corsica, and destroy the colony at Mainke in Iberia. These "Fabian tactics" continued until Hamilcar encamped in a valley, probably near Nepheris, and the rebels trapped his army, with the Libyans blocking the exit, Spendius and his troops camping near the Punic army and the Numidians covering Hamilcar's rear. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. Then the enterprising Hamilcar Barca came to the fore. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hamilcar-Barca. Iberia would also serve as a base for any future conflicts against the Romans which would be independent of political interference from Carthage, and the campaigns would enhance the reputation of Hamilcar Barca. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/8 B.C.) Hamilcar defeated the confederates, killed the leaders and several of their soldiers, while he released a number of prisoners and incorporated 3,000 of the enemy into his army. When Hannibal was 17 years old, however, his father was killed in an ambush in Spain, which was primarily under the rule of the North African empire. Hanno, accustomed to fighting Libyans and Numidians, did not anticipate any further trouble and left his army for Utica. Best walking boots for men and women for 2023, tested by experts. The Carthaginians needed to gain the far side of the Bagradas, so they could manoeuvre freely, but lacked the strength to force a crossing against the superior rebel force guarding against this. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. Shop paperbacks, eBooks, and more! (Barca meaning Thunderbolt) Who was Hannibal's father? Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. [118] Despite the similarities between the name of the Barcid family and that of the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberian Barkeno.[119]. In expanding his power to the European continent, Hamilcar reinvigorated the Carthaginian empire, regained needed resources, and prepared a base for renewing war against Rome, which his son Hannibal would famously do in the Second Punic War. Last modified June 01, 2016. RM G15JXK - Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca (247-183/182 BC) was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. OConnell, Robert L, The Ghosts of Cannae, pp80, Carey, Brian T, Cairns John, Allfree Joshua B, Hannibal's Last Battle, pp40, Prevas, John, Hannibal Crosses The Alps, pp41, Cottrell, Tony, Hannibal's campaigns, p18, Miles, Richard, Carthage Must be Destroyed, p. 198, Oros. In 239 BCE a mercenary force took control of Sardinia and then defeated a Carthaginian army sent to re-take the island. Hamilcar's victory opened communication with Utica, and gave Hamilcar the chance to bring nearby towns under Carthaginian control by force or negotiations. In respect of individual courage the Romans were far superior, but the general who must be acknowledged as the greatest on either side, both in daring and in genius, was . 270 a.C. - 228 a.C.) foi um estadista e general cartagins responsvel pela conquista da Hispnia por Cartago. However, the rebels regrouped, and observing lax discipline among the Punic troops, launched a surprise sortie and routed the Punic army while Hanno was absent,[52] driving the survivors to Utica and capturing all the baggage. With Hannibal and son-in-law Hasdrubal (the Handsome), he and an army of elephants and Phoenician and Numidian troops battled Iberian tribes, founded the city of Akra Leuke (modern Alicante), acquired huge quantities of Spanish silver bullion, and solidified new political and military alliances. Hamilcar Barca. [1] L Hamilcar the Carthaginian, son of Hannibal and surnamed Barca, in the First Punic War, but when it was nearly ended, was first put in command of an army in Sicily, when he was a very young man. Hamilcar, after subduing Turdetania[107] next moved east from Gades towards Cape Nao. With a reduced army and fleet, Hamilcar commenced his operations. Its reign began with Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275-228 BC), who was the Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. Sicily. Little is known about the origins or history of the Barca family prior to the Punic Wars. The Barca family originated from the celebrated Numidian warriors. Hamlicar bristled at the terms of the treaty, which obligated Carthage to pay Rome a huge indemnity and to surrender all land in Sicily. However, if Hamilcar had hoped to recapture Panormus, he failed in his strategy. He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus,[20] and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. His first daughter was married to Bomilcar, who was a suffete of Carthage and may have commanded the Punic fleet in the Second Punic war. This page was last edited on 26 October 2022, at 21:30. The difference was that Fabius commanded a numerically superior army to his opponent, had no supply problems, and had room to manoeuvre, while Hamilcar was mostly static, had a far smaller army than the Romans and was dependent on seaborne supplies from Carthage. He makes his first appearance when the series' events shift to Relic's Point, overseeing the research and . He distinguished himself during the First Punic War in 247, when he took over the chief command in Sicily, which at . By 490 BC, Massalia had managed to defeat Carthage twice, and a boundary along Cape Nao in Iberia was agreed upon,[102] while Carthage had closed the Straits of Gibraltar to foreign shipping. If he had lived in the United . After 15 years of fighting, there was still no end in sight to the Second Punic War. Four years of constant campaigns, details of which are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264241 bce). Of the eight coins, only five coins are not recognized by European archeologists and historians. The Romans responded by blockading Hamilcar, but he seems to have been able to break out regularly and continue his guerrilla tactics. All the black African looking coins have been carbon dated around the time that Hannibal was alive, but the Semitic looking coins are dated roughly a century or more after Hannibals death. By winter of 240 BC, the situation had improved for Carthage. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. He was one of the greatest military commanders in history. [54], The rebels held the hills to the west of Carthage and the only bridge across the Bagradas river leading to Utica. Livy states Hanno son of Hamilcar in 204 BC left Carthage with 4,000 cavalry and never came back. The last condition is mentioned by Polybius in place of the one regarding not making war on Syracuse. Hamilcar Barca was a daring, intelligent young man. Had Hamilcar suffered a decisive defeat, casualties and prisoners would have diminished their numbers and Carthage would have had an excuse not to pay anything. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. Hamilcar offered the prisoners a choice to join his army, or leave Africa with the condition never to take up arms against Carthage. Themes. In this war unbelievable atrocities were committed on both sides. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum,[22] but there is cause to doubt this.[24]. 285-c. 229 B.C.) Il mata ensuite une rbellion plus proche de chez lui entre 241 et 237 av. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. In 231 BC, a Roman embassy visited Hamilcar in Spain to inquire about his activities. Once more Hamilcar was asked to clear the mess. Roman forces led by the consuls Marcus Otacilius Crassus and Marcaus Fabius Licinus achieved little against Hamilcar in 246 BC, and the consuls of 245 BC, Marcus Fabius Bueto and Atilius Bulbus, fared no better. The Carthaginian army would surrender their weapons and all Roman deserters immediately. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, during the latter stages of the First Punic War. Related Content Home Team History on Should Black Me. He fought a series of successful battles until he reached (but did not destroy) the city of Rome. The aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC. The coins do not resemble each other. Hamilcar counted them one after another with the tip of his finger; then he hid his face in a saffron-coloured veil, and, falling on his knees, stretched himself on the ground with both arms extended. [6] The Romans rebuilt their fleet after losing 364 ships in a storm in 255 BC, added 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254 BC;[7] however, 150 ships were lost in another storm in 253 BC. Hamilcar aimed to attack the small rebel band holding the bridge, but Spendius led the rebel force besieging Utica to confront Hamilcar. 68, 69, Punica Barcino, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, pp95, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilcar_Barca&oldid=1118409183, Carthaginian commanders of the First Punic War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [58] Hamilcar unleashed his trap as the disorderly rebels closed on his formation. Envoys were sent to Hamilcar demanding an explanation. He then left Ercte for Mount Eryx (modern Erice near Trapani), which he held until 241. This turned out to further restrict his freedom of movement, but the Carthaginian commander continued to coordinate attacks on the Italian mainland, perhaps as north as Cumae. The Carthaginian's, in any case, continued campaigning in Spain. (Encyclopaedia Britannica . Valens reckless failure in diplomacy and battle with the goths sent the Western Roman empire down the path to hell. [90] Several modern historians have interpreted this as Hannibal swearing to be a lifelong enemy of Rome bent on revenge,[91][92][93][94] while others hold that this interpretation is a distortion.[95][96][97]. [117], In eight years, Hamilcar had secured an extensive territory in Hispania by force of arms and diplomacy, but his premature death in battle (228 BC) denied Carthage a complete conquest. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. In the end in 237 bc Hamilcar won the war and in spite of his promises he had the leaders of the rebels crucified. 18 Jan 2023. He was appointed commander in chief in Sicily in 247 B.C., when, after 18 years of fighting, the Carthaginian forces were at their lowest. Hamilcar Barca is a legendary purple general in Evony The King's Return. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 01 June 2016. ), pater Hannibalis, fuit vir publicus, dux Punicus, et conditor Barcidarum generis. When the Mercenary War burst out in 239BC, Hamilcar was recalled to command and was instrumental in concluding that conflict successfully. Hamilcar died in battle, most likely drowning in the Jucar River while besieging a place called Helice and trying to escape from a Celtiberian army. It was the first chapter in the history of the Roman Empire. Seizing upon Carthages weakness, Rome took the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, and, when an enraged Hamilcar moved to respond, Rome increased the amount of the Carthaginian indemnity. ; Carthaginian general; commanded Carthage's forces in Sicily (247-241) during the First Punic War against Rome; traveled to Spain (237) to rebuild Carthaginian influences there; drowned during the withdrawal from the siege of Helice in 229) He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. Rome suspected Carthage of aiding the natives, and had sent embassies to Carthage in 236, 235, 233 and 230 BC to accuse and threaten the Punic state. Carthage was a mixture of indigenous black Africans, Berber tribesmen, Semitic Arabs, white Celtic Germanic warriors, Greek sojourners, and white Libyan tribesmen that existed when many Phoenician cities and colonies decorated North Africa. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War. Second Punic War In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). Legend tells that he founded the port of Barcino (deriving its name from the Barca family), which was later adopted and used by the Roman Empire and is, today, the city of Barcelona. d. 229 or 228 BC, Carthaginian general. Hamilcar Barca, Barca also spelled Barcas, (died winter 229/228 bce ), general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264-241 bce ). The relations between Carthage and the Iberian Peninsula have mainly been viewed from the perspective of military domination. Hamilcar commanded the Carthaginian expedition to Spain in 237BC, and for eight years expanded the territory of Carthage in Spain before dying in battle in 228 BC. [59] The modern historian Dexter Hoyos stresses that "[s]uch manoeuvres were about the simplest that any army could learn, once it mastered the absolute basics of marching in formation". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hamilcar Barca "Carthaginian general, led forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War. Department of History 106 Dulles Hall 230 Annie & John Glenn Avenue Columbus, OH 43210. You can obtain Hamilcar Barca from the tavern. The actions of Hamilcar, and his immunity to defeat, plus the stalemate at the siege of Lilybaeum caused the Romans to start building a fleet in 243 BC to seek a decision at sea. [43], Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. [56] Hamilcar had managed to train his new recruits in some drill and basic battlefield maneuvers before they left Carthage. Port area of Boston. First Punic War. Hamilcar's army was saved by pure luck a Numidian chieftain, Naravas, who would later marry Hamilcar's third daughter, defected with 2,000 horsemen. Hamilcar ( Punic: , MLK) [1] was a general who succeeded to the command of the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. Hamilcar Barca replied to Emperor Goblinus's topic in Imperium Romanorum. Roman consul Fundanius (243/2 BC) arrogantly replied that Hamilcar should request a truce to save his living and denied the request. Valerius Maximus has Hamilcar speak of "four lion's whelps which I have raised to exterminate the Roman name. Suggesting that the old coin depicts Hannibal simply because the back depicts and elephant seems like wishful thinking. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. The war was now becoming particularly brutal with atrocities committed on both sides. The gloomy situation changed when first Syracuse and then Rome came to the aid of Carthage. "Death Date: 229. Our Team When his army marched toward the city of Rome, he was unable to conquer the city because his army lacked the siege equipment and reinforcement necessary to take it. The rebels mutilated prisoners, and Hamilcar had his captives trampled on by elephants. In 237 BCE Hamilcar had famously taken his son, then nine years old, to the temple of Baal in Carthage and made him swear never to be a friend of Rome. Early life He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair.The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. He was known for his skill as a commander and his contributions to the army. ; Carthaginian general during and after the First Punic War battle at Drepanum, [ ]... Probably the Aegates islands in addition to the aid of Carthage was the First chapter in the history of First... 121 ] Without Punic records to cross reference, these remain mere supposition a reduced army and,!, only five coins are not known, saw Hamilcar subdue the area between Gades and Cape Nao ] occupied... To 241BC, during the Second daughter was married to Hasdrubal the Fair treaties between the two powers politics 248. 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