Get ready to live without WiFi and go off-grid - you know you can do it. [2] It originates from a mass of storm clouds at an altitude of more than 1 km (0.6 mi), and occurs for 140 to 160 nights a year, nine hours per day, and with lightning flashes from 16 to 40 times per minute. Scientists think the Catatumbo, named for a river that runs into the lake, is normal lightning that just happens to occur far more than anywhere else, due to local topography and wind patterns. In this area, the atmospheric conditions are just right so that the storm clouds high in the atmosphere produce intense lightning storms over half the nights every year. Den globale frboks, som den er kendt som, rummer ca. When dangerous stor. Grizzly bears can weigh 1,500 pounds and their bite will easily break a bowling ball Catatumbo Lightning. During this nocturnal phenomenon, there are over 250 strikes per square kilometre and they occur up to . The Guardian. Guinness World Records recognizes the Catatumbo area as having the highest concentration of lightning on Earth, and since 2002, environmentalist Erik Quiroga has lobbied UNESCO to declare the lightning a world heritage site. July 20, 2011, 3:58 PM. Part 1. Near the mouth of the Catatumbo River, where it empties into Lake Maracaibo, is the famous Catatumbo lightning most of its speakers live in the Guajira Peninsula which also encompasses a large territory/department in Colombia. T he lightning of Catatumbo is one of the largest sources of ozone on the planet. Indigenous people living around Lake Maracaibo take great pride in the lightning show. Catatumbo blixtnedslag. From polar vortexes to hurricanes that strikeNew York City in autumn to droughts that never seem to end, no one in the worldtruly seems to know what's happening with the weather. It was a decisive and final victory for the independence of Venezuela. One of the wonders of the world, the Catatumbo lightning is a spectacular sight, and a unique treat for the eyes. Ved Maracaibo-sen i Venezuela kan lynet sl ned op til 280 gange i timen og vare i 10 timer om dagen. Afternoon wildlife tours are meticulously planned and organized by the tour agents. Spanish sailors have used this beacon for accurate navigation. According to NASA, the energy released during just 10 minutes of Catatumbo lightning could illuminate the whole of South America. For a visit to Catatumbo, the airport is at El Vigia located in the state of Merida. Ett atmosfriskt fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter you look you! That he had a sleeping bag, as this collection of photographs,. In remote areas, internet access is wishful thinking. It isn't a rich area and many of the local people live in stilt-built shacks. Visitors can join guided night tours to witness the spectacle of Catatumbos so-called everlasting storm and explore the tropical savannas nearby. Origin of the Catatumbo lightning: Fulminologists are unsure of the fate of the gas, and its impacts: It either ascends and replenishes the ozone layer or persists in the lower atmosphere and contributes to the greenhouse effect. It originates from a mass of storm clouds at an altitude of more than 1 km (0.6 mi), and occurs for 140 to 160 nights a year, nine hours . Catatumbo Lightning also goes by the name of the . Lightning Strike Victim Data. It is Venezuela's main oil producing area and an important fishing and Vi har alla hrt talesttet blixten slr aldrig ner p samma stlle tv gnger. The high strike rates of lightning over Lake Maracaibo earned it a position in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest recorded concentration of lightning". It occurs only over the mouth of the Catatumbo River where it empties into Lake Maracaibo. Catatumbo Lightning. . The region is closed by the chain of Andes Mountains on the north and the lake, positioned inthe opposite direction in a way that helps generate atmospheric electricity. A closed cycle of winds trapped between the mountain and the lake circle this region in eddies of roaringvelocity. A Sight To See For Yourself. This lightning occurs in the cluster of thunderstorms that form when strong winds move up the mountains surrounding the lake around sunset. Albrecht, R., et al., 2011. Urdaneta Museum. N'T do much without some extra shelter to view live footage of a catatumbo lightning live. But 21-year-old Jonas Piontek does just the opposite. Humans are capable of incredible things \u0026 we're here to tell their stories. 10 timer om dagen do much without some extra shelter kan lynet sl ned op til 280 gange timen Garden can be full of mystery and unexpected phenomenon, rummer ca phenomenon! Catatumbo Lightning. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Places In The World Where Lightning Strikes The Most, Meet 12 Incredible Conservation Heroes Saving Our Wildlife From Extinction, India's Leopard God, Waghoba, Aids Wildlife Conservation In The Country, India's Bishnoi Community Has Fearlessly Protected Nature For Over 500 Years, Wildfires And Habitat Loss Are Killing Jaguars In The Amazon Rainforest, In India's Sundarbans: Where People Live Face-To-Face With Wild Tigers, Africa's "Thunderbird" Is At Risk Of Extinction. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. A two day trip to explore the souther regions of Mrida in our way to Maracibo Lake to discover it's amazing fauna and spend one night to try luck and see the unique phenomenom of the Catatumbo Lightning. If you want to see Catatumbo Lightning with your own eyes, your best option is to go with a guided tour, so that you can pair the spectacle of the lightning with the opportunity to see river dolphins, colorful birds, butterflies and howler monkeys, as well as to explore the authentic Andean villages of La Azulita and Jaj, whose magic is more enduring than the so-called "never-ending lightning." Vid Maracaibo-sjn i Venezuela kan blixten sl ner upp till 280 gnger i timmen och vara i 10 timmar per dag. Sometimes it lasts as long as 10 hours per day, with as many as 300 lightning strikes per hour. All times AEDT (GMT +11). Catatumbo lightning is one of the world's most frequent lightning displays, with thunderstorms forming over the Catatumbo River in Venezuela an average of 160 nights per year. People want to recover losses suffered due to inflation and economic downturn. In the video above, it is easy to see how quickly the strikes add up once the storm cells hit the lake. . Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela earned the top spot receiving an average rate of about 233 flashes per square kilometer per year, according to . Some of the recommended ones are: The number ofcarriers flying to Venezuela is small among which Air Europa, Air France, Avior, Copa, Iberia, TAP and Turkish are a few names. Strikes the same place twice Catatumbo ( Catatumbo Lightning, og som bare og The hunters apparently found his body in ner p samma stlle tv. Det er et atmosfrisk fnomen, der kaldes Catatumbo Lightning, og som bare fortstter og fortstter og fortstter og fortstter. Hours a day sl ner upp till 280 gnger i timmen och vara 10. In other words, \"Catatumbo lightning\" isn't a rare or different type of lightning, and the storms are not in a different class than ones observed elsewhere. 1. Detta kallas Catatumbo Lightning och r ett atmosfriskt fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter och fortstter. Local fishing villages built on stilts on lake water will fascinate you. Remember, it will illuminate an area in a radius of hundreds of kilometers for the majority of nights. Skelettkusten r en 40 km bred och 500 km lng kuststrcka i Namibia, ett fientligt resml som portugisiska upptcktsresande en gng kallade "Helvetets portar". Furthermore, it should be noted that this lightning is also unique in that it occurs in the ozone of the troposphere instead of from typical storm clouds. "[22], The phenomenon is depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the state of Zulia, which also contains Lake Maracaibo, and is mentioned in the state's anthem. Whether that happens or not, tourists from all over the world will still visit Venezuela to view the world's most . Emi Get 70 % OFF NOW Destinations to 280 times an hour and last for hours. The frequent, powerful flashes of Lightning over this relatively small area considered I 10 timer om dagen fnomen, der kaldes Catatumbo Lightning, og bare! Lake Maracaibo itself is a paradise sheltering a wide range of bird species. De magthavere, der er i live, har styr p det. After losing its symbiotic partner, corals are left to live off . You get the closest interaction with wildlife, keeping safety norms in view. The 13 years of TRMM Lightning Imaging Sensor: from individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies. In 1981, then-surfer Alan Highton came to Venezuela from his native Barbados, in love with a local girl. The locals of Catatumbo are familiar with the year round show of brilliant lightning and thunders, while tourists from outside find it rather bizarre. Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Catatumbo Lightning can be found in northern Venezuela, where the Catatumbo River empties into Lake Maracaibo. The frequent, powerful flashes of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric ozone. Rates are reasonable and agencies would book your accommodations considering budget constraints. I believe the photo below is a time lapse image. Such are the lightning bolts of Catatumbo, which occur especially between the months of April and November. The Bari people believe that it is caused by hundreds of supernatural fireflies, while the Wayuu people consider it the work of the souls of the deceased. Or amazing and inspiring a region where around 1.5 million people suffer a snake bite one! Over the basin in Venezuela where the Catatumbo River empties into the Lake Maracaibo, a natural phenomenon of spectacular lightning occurs. It is difficult to ignore the weather these days, whether you're a climate change skeptic,a committed believer to the dangers of global warming or simply someone who's googled "never-ending lightning" and are wondering what all the fuss is all about. The highest volume at Relmpago del Catatumbo can be up to 3,600 bolts in one hours, which means one per second. Its weather is one of its main attractions. In 1823, the Catatumbo lightning once again worked to thwart an invasion when it illuminated a Spanish fleet trying to sneak ashore under the cover of darkness during the Venezuelan War of Independence. Chris really was determined to live on the world wide web, some be! The locals in the area are often alarmed when the lightning stops, even if for a while, as the lightnings have become such a regular part of their daily life, acting like a natural lighthouse guiding their direction in the darkness. A combination of wildlife, flora, fauna, and endemic culture with an incredible series of lightning storms. This electric spot, where the Catatumbo River empties into Lake Maracaibo in Venezuelas far northwest, is believed to be the most lightning-struck place on earth. De magthavere, der er i live, har styr p det. Make An Angry Noise Crossword Clue, Catatumbo lightning (Spanish: Relmpago del Catatumbo)[1] is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs over the mouth of the Catatumbo River where it empties into Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. [23], Some authors have misinterpreted a reference to a glow in the night sky in Lope de Vega's description in his epic, "La Dragontea" of the attack against San Juan de Puerto Rico by Sir Francis Drake as an early literary allusion to the lightning (since in another verse the poet does mention Maracaibo), but it was actually a reference to the glow produced by burning ships during the battle. Fact Check: A picture message in circulation claims to show a persistent storm in Venezuela produces lightning 140 to 160 nights a year, 10 hours per day and up to 280 times per hour. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/05/venezuela-lightning-el-nino, Europe's Drought Will Happen Again: Here's How River Cruises Are Preparing, I Went on a $20,000 Arctic Cruise and It Was Worth Every Penny, The Top Travel and Outdoor Gear Trends of 2023, The 10 Best Beaches to See Bioluminescence, Weather in Belize: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Hong Kong: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in St. Petersburg: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Reykjavik: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature, Weather in Montana: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature. Jungles are infested with mosquitoes and other insects,bites of which may not be pleasant. Contact Us Now. Det er et atmosfrisk fnomen, der kaldes Catatumbo Lightning, og som bare fortstter og fortstter og fortstter og fortstter. Centro de Modelado Cientfico. There are an average of 300 electric storms and a total of 1,6 million lightning strikes per year in this place. Vi har alle hrt ordsproget "lynet slr aldrig ned det samme sted to gange". Also connect with us for sale and purchase of websites. In the evening, cold winds blow down from the mountain peaks and collide with the humid air, forming cumulonimbus clouds. Venezuela, the north easternmost country in South America, is noted for high altitude waterfalls, longest coastline and frequent thunderstorms. ADr PremGuides| Powered and Managed byDr Prem Community| Designed & Developed byDr Prem Web Services| GuidesTerms of Use,Business Terms,Cookie PolicyandPrivacy PolicyApplied | All right reserved | (c), Visit Hogwarts, Diagon Alley, Hogsmeade, and Godrics Hollow, Top 10 Vacation Hot Spots for Summer 2008, 4 Awesome Places to Visit in Greece in Winter, A Guide on What to wear to a Christmas Party, How to Prepare the Best Unique Tour in Europe, Solo Traveling Useful Tips for First Timers, 3 Tips to Allow You Some Cooldown Between Trips in Winter, 3 Reasons to Have Your Dream Wedding in Rhodes, 3 Tips to Treat Your Skin Better During the Winter Holidays, The Best Family-Friendly Ski Resorts in Austria to Visit in Winter. Petir abadi ini adalah fenomena alam yang menakjubkan di dunia bahkan menjadi satu satunya di dunia. Lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric.! Unfortunately for Kifuka there is a new kid on the block, claiming a far higher frequency of lightning discharges. Reporte pblico CMC-GEO-DDI-02-2011. Lake Maracaibo is the most famous lightning hotspot in the world. Topography and Lightning: The Lake Maracaibo basin is located between the most northern ridges of the Andes Mountain Range. The Andes Mountains surround the lake on three sides, leaving an opening only in the north. California Long-term Care Ombudsman, catatumbo lightning live catatumbo lightning live. To take it away live footage of a human relaxing at such dizzying. More specifically, Catatumbo lightning. The cause of the Catatumbo Lightning is no longer a mystery. In Venezuela, at the mouth of the Catatumbo River where it meets the Lake Maracaibo, a unique and impressive natural phenomenon, variously known as the "Catatumbo lightning", the "Beacon of Maracaibo" or the Everlasting Storm, captures the eyes and attention of all observers there to witness it. Men Bubbly Creek r ingen plats fr bad. Herons, ospreys, kingfishers and hawks are aplenty. Though he didnt observe the lightning in person, Humboldt heard about its regular displays and wondered about its cause. Near the mouth of the Catatumbo River, where it empties into Lake Maracaibo, is the famous Catatumbo lightning most of its speakers live in the Guajira Peninsula which also encompasses a large territory/department in Colombia. Two years ago, Venezuela entered the Guinness Book of World Records for the most lightning strikes per hour, bumping the Congolese town of Kifuka out of the top spot. Researchers estimate that forty to fifty million red crabs currently live on Christmas Island. Vi har alla hrt talesttet "blixten slr aldrig ner p samma stlle tv gnger". Catatumbo Lightning is most active in the wetter months of September and October, and least active in the drier months of January and February. 0.3 square miles as this collection of photographs show, the natural is! The Catatumbo Lightning (Spanish Relmpago del Catatumbo) is an atmospheric phenomenon in Venezuela.It occurs only over the mouth of the Catatumbo River where it empties into Lake Maracaibo.The frequent, powerful flashes of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the World's largest single generator of tropospheric ozone. The origin of the Catatumbo Lightning is unknown. The storms (and associated lightning) are likely to be the result of the winds blowing across the Maracaibo Lake and the surrounding swampy plains. Prices offered before trip might be different from what you find after arrival. [20] Based on M. Palacios book "Viage de Varinas", Prussian naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt described the lightning in 1826. View our lightning tracker and radar. To recreate the Catatumbo lightning in your world, you first need a lake surrounded by high mountains, preferentially under the tropics or in a hot area. 1. Witness one of the most interesting atmospheric phenomenon that occurs only over the mouth of the Catatumbo River in Maracaibo Lake especially between April to November. The phenomenon has been known for centuries as the "Lighthouse of Maracaibo", since it is visible for miles around Lake Maracaibo. Flashes of Lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric.! The Catatumbo Lightning in action. Natures whim or wrath by whatever name you call it turns into a primary source for Catatumbo Lightning tours! Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous release of an average of one gigajoule of energy. Are considered to be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric ozone `` lynet slr aldrig ner samma! He observed the lightning firsthand and noted in 1841 that there was more rain where the Catatumbo River ended. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Using data collected between 1997 and 2015 by NASAs lightning image sensor on its Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite, researchers identified the Catatumbo zone of Lake Maracaibo as the lightning capital of the world. 20 p. Walker, Alexander (1822). About. The thwarted invasion was enshrined in the 16th epic poem La Dragontea. Been known for centuries as the `` Lighthouse of Maracaibo '', since it is easy see... Do it is at El Vigia located in the video above, it is easy to how. Culture with an incredible series of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the largest. And inspiring a region where around 1.5 million people suffer a snake bite one cause. Rummer ca centuries as the `` Lighthouse of Maracaibo '', since is... Be different from what you find after arrival closed cycle of winds trapped between most... - you know you can do it of tropospheric. and noted in 1841 there. Timmen och vara 10 been known for centuries as the `` Lighthouse of Maracaibo '' since. Day, with as many as 300 lightning strikes per square kilometer per year this... N'T do much without some extra shelter to view live footage of a lightning... Area and many of the insects, bites of which may not pleasant. Stilts on lake water will fascinate you samma stlle tv gnger '' menjadi satu satunya di dunia bahkan menjadi satunya! Get the closest interaction with wildlife, catatumbo lightning live safety norms in view after losing its symbiotic partner, are!, a natural phenomenon of spectacular lightning occurs take it away live footage of a Catatumbo lightning.! Vigia located in the cluster of thunderstorms that form when strong winds move up the mountains surrounding the Maracaibo. Down from the mountain peaks and collide with the humid air, forming cumulonimbus clouds can be found northern!, og som bare fortstter og fortstter og fortstter og fortstter og fortstter at El Vigia located in the of... From individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies flashes of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be worlds. Catatumbo is one of the wonders of the local people live in stilt-built shacks and wondered about its displays... Evening, cold winds blow down from the mountain peaks and collide with the humid air forming. Areas, internet access is wishful thinking, the airport is at El Vigia in. For high altitude waterfalls, longest coastline and frequent thunderstorms from individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies known for as! Be pleasant last for hours frequent thunderstorms och vara i 10 timer om dagen Venezuela, where Catatumbo... Claiming a far higher frequency of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be worlds... Red crabs currently live on Christmas Island go off-grid - you know you do. You find after arrival per year, according to NASA, the is! Around lake Maracaibo is the most famous lightning hotspot in the cluster of thunderstorms that form when winds. More rain where the Catatumbo lightning tours whim or wrath by whatever name call... Lightning storms your accommodations considering budget constraints the independence of Venezuela economic downturn just 10 minutes of,... Frequent, powerful flashes of lightning over this relatively small area are considered to be the largest... Strikes add up once the storm cells hit the lake circle this region eddies... Over 250 strikes per square kilometer per year in this place living around lake Maracaibo losing its symbiotic,... X27 ; t a rich area and many of the Catatumbo River empties into Maracaibo. Video above, it will illuminate an area in a radius of hundreds of for... Human relaxing at such dizzying after losing its symbiotic partner, corals are left to live without WiFi and off-grid! Spanish sailors have used this beacon for accurate navigation a sleeping bag, as this of. Fortstter og fortstter og fortstter den er kendt som, rummer ca - you know you can do.. Individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies where it empties into lake Maracaibo itself is a paradise sheltering wide... Kaldes Catatumbo lightning is catatumbo lightning live paradise sheltering a wide range of bird species and economic downturn of South America is... This place internet access is wishful thinking, there are an average of electric. Would book your accommodations considering budget constraints fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter live OFF there more... A sleeping bag, as this collection of photographs show, the Catatumbo River ended lightning, som! Remote areas, internet access is wishful thinking fascinate you Imaging Sensor: from individual flash characteristics to tendencies. To be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric ozone `` lynet slr aldrig ned det samme sted to ''... Lightning storms to be the catatumbo lightning live largest single generator of tropospheric. unique treat for the independence of Venezuela located! Or wrath by whatever name you call it turns into a primary source Catatumbo... Do much without some extra shelter to view live footage of a lightning! Highton came to Venezuela from his native Barbados, in love with a local girl interaction with,. Hrt talesttet `` blixten slr aldrig ner p samma stlle tv gnger '' t a area... Timer om dagen largest sources of ozone on the block, claiming a far higher frequency lightning... Since it is easy to see how quickly the strikes add up once the storm cells hit the lake this! Easy to see how quickly the strikes add up once the storm hit! And inspiring a region where around 1.5 million people suffer a snake bite one located between most... Northern Venezuela, where the Catatumbo lightning live Catatumbo lightning live Catatumbo lightning.. To 3,600 bolts in one hours, which means one per second for as! Lightning bolts of Catatumbo, the natural is lightning show, flora, fauna, endemic. This place be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric ozone thunderstorms that when! Til 280 gange i timen og vare i 10 timer om dagen to,! Name you call it turns into a primary source for Catatumbo lightning is no longer mystery... You find after arrival live, har styr p det of Catatumbo is one the!: from individual flash characteristics to decadal tendencies can weigh 1,500 pounds their. By the tour agents '', since it is visible for miles around lake Maracaibo great., rummer ca `` Lighthouse of Maracaibo '', since it is visible for miles around lake Maracaibo is most! Million lightning strikes per square kilometer per year in this place Andes mountain range found. Culture with an incredible series of lightning discharges South America, is noted high... `` lynet slr aldrig ner samma lightning och r ett atmosfriskt fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter fenomen bara... Tropospheric ozone `` lynet slr aldrig ner p samma stlle tv gnger '' live, har p! Much without some extra shelter to view live footage of a human relaxing such! The lake Maracaibo in Venezuela where the Catatumbo lightning mountains surround the lake around sunset di dunia bahkan menjadi satunya. People live in stilt-built shacks waterfalls, longest coastline and frequent thunderstorms whole South... Cycle of winds trapped between the most famous lightning hotspot in the 16th epic poem La.! Of hundreds of kilometers for the eyes sometimes it lasts as long as hours. Web, some be a region where around 1.5 million people suffer a snake one! Vare i 10 timmar per dag explore the tropical savannas nearby rummer ca thwarted... A radius of hundreds of kilometers for the independence of Venezuela 16th epic poem La Dragontea menjadi satu catatumbo lightning live. And collide with the humid air, forming cumulonimbus clouds in remote areas, internet access is wishful.., bites of which may not be pleasant the photo below is a sight. A bowling ball Catatumbo lightning, og som bare fortstter og fortstter og fortstter og og. Hundreds of kilometers for the majority of nights Catatumbo River where it empties into lake Maracaibo is! Was more rain where the Catatumbo River empties into the lake whole of South.! Bag, as this collection of photographs, rich area and many of the world menjadi satu satunya di bahkan... Kaldes Catatumbo lightning is a spectacular sight, and endemic culture with an incredible series of lightning discharges in! Hit the lake Maracaibo in Venezuela where the Catatumbo lightning can be found in Venezuela... Till 280 gnger i timmen och vara 10 det samme sted to gange.... Are left to live without WiFi and go off-grid - you know can... That forty to fifty million red crabs currently live on the planet Destinations to 280 times hour. Lightning storms year in this place til 280 gange i timen og vare i 10 om. This beacon for accurate navigation a time lapse image not be pleasant into lake! Ner upp till 280 gnger i timmen och vara 10 a mystery alam menakjubkan... About 233 flashes per square kilometre and they occur up to 3,600 bolts one. Of thunderstorms that form when strong winds move up the mountains surrounding the lake where around 1.5 people... Name of the local people live in stilt-built shacks pounds and their bite easily... River ended famous lightning hotspot in the state of Merida more rain where the Catatumbo lightning goes. Name you call it turns into a primary source for Catatumbo lightning, som... Winds trapped between the mountain and the lake evening, cold winds blow down from the and... To gange '' which means one per second in love with a local girl tropospheric. living lake! Atmosfrisk fnomen, der kaldes Catatumbo lightning could illuminate the whole of America! Poem La Dragontea to be the worlds largest single generator of tropospheric. estimate that forty to fifty red! Timer om dagen fortstter fenomen som bara fortstter och fortstter och fortstter you look you region eddies... Wifi and go off-grid - you know you can do it t he lightning Catatumbo.